CONSTRUCTING MODEL TO EXPLORE THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGIOSITY AND SPIRITUALITY ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE THROUGH ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT
Membangunkan Model untuk Meneroka Pengaruh Agama dan Spiritualiti ke Atas Prestasi Organisasi Melalui Komitmen ke Atas Organisasi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/abqari.vol16no1.5Keywords:
religiosity, spirituality, organizational commitment, organizational behavior, organizational performanceAbstract
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to develop a model to explore the impact of religiosity and spirituality on performance organizations through organizational commitment. This study adopted Religiosity and Spirituality as independent variables, organizational commitment as mediating and Performance as a dependent variable. The study is based on conceptual research. Through this study, a model will be proposed to find out the relationship among religiosity, spirituality, organizational commitment and organizational performance. Based on the developed model, the study will continue to find out the impact of religiosity and spirituality through organizational commitment on performance of different types of business. Applying this empirical study, organizations may generate new policies and strategies for improving performance in multicultural and multi-religious organizations.
Keywords: religiosity, spirituality, organizational commitment, organizational behavior, organizational performance.
Abstrak
Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membangunkan model bagi mengenalpasti kesan keagamaan dan spiritualiti ke atas prestasi organisasi dengan pengantaraan komitmen kepada organisasi. Kajian ini menganggap keagamaan dan spiritualiti sebagai pembolehubah tidak bersandar, komitmen kepada organisasi sebagai pengantara dan prestasi sebagai pembolehubah bersandar. Kajian ini adalah berasaskan kajian konsep. Melalui kajian ini, satu model akan dicadangkan untuk mengenalpasti hubungan antara keagamaan, spiritualiti, komitmen kepada organisasi dan prestasi organisasi. Berdasarkan model yang dibangunkan, kajian ini akan mengenalpasti kesan keagamaan dan spiritualiti dengan pengantaraan komitmen kepada organisasi ke atas prestasi di beberapa jenis organisasi. Melalui kajian ini, organisasi boleh menjana polisi dan strategi baru bagi meningkatkan prestasi di organisasi yang mempunyai kepelbagaian budaya dan agama.
Kata kunci: Keagamaan, spiritualiti, komitmen kepada organisasi, tingkahlaku organisasi, prestasi organisasi.
Downloads
References
Adawiyah, W. R., Adawiyah, W. R., Pramuka, B. A., & Pramuka, B. A. (2017). Scaling the notion of Islamic spirituality in the workplace. Journal of Management Development, 36(7), 877-898.
Alavifar A, Karimimalayer M, Anuar M. K. (2012). The first and second generation of multivaritate techniques. Engineering Science and Technology: An International Journal (ESTIJ), 2(2), 326-329.
Azimi, H., Turiman, S., Sidek, N., Rumaya, J., Abdul, L., Jamilah, M., Khiarul, A., Mastor, M. and Hasnan, K. (2006). The religiosity and personality development index: Implications for nation building. Selangor: Institut Pengajian Komuniti dan Keamanan.
Ball, J., Armistead, L., & Austin, B. J. (2003). The relationship between religiosity and adjustment among African-American, female, urban adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 26(4), 431-446.
Benda, B. B., Pope, S. K., & Kelleher, K. J. (2006). Church attendance or religiousness: Their relationship to adolescents' use of alcohol, other drugs, and delinquency. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 24(1-2), 75-87.
Benjet, C., Borges, G., Medina-Mora, M. E., Blanco, J., Zambrano, J., Orozco, R., & Rojas, E. (2007). Drug use opportunities and the transition to drug use among adolescents from the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90(2), 128-134.
Bersamin, M. M., Walker, S., Fisher, D. A., & Grube, J. W. (2006). Correlates of oral sex and vaginal intercourse in early and middle adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(1), 59-68.
Beyers, J. M., Toumbourou, J. W., Catalano, R. F., Arthur, M. W., & Hawkins, J. D. (2004). A cross-national comparison of risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use: the United States and Australia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35(1), 3-16.
Bolland, J. M., Lian, B. E., & Formichella, C. M. (2005). The Origins of Hopelessness Among Inner‐City African‐American Adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36(3-4), 293-305.
Brett, J. F., Cron, W. L., & Slocum, J. W. (1995). Economic dependency on work: A moderator of the relationship between organizational commitment and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 261-271.
Brown, T. L., Parks, G. S., Zimmerman, R. S., & Phillips, C. M. (2001). The role of religion in predicting adolescent alcohol use and problem drinking. Journal of studies on alcohol, 62(5), 696-705.
Carrico, A. W., Storholm, E. D., Flentje, A., Arnold, E. A., Pollack, L. M., Neilands, T. B., & Kegeles, S. M. (2017). Spirituality/religiosity, substance use, and HIV testing among young black men who have sex with men. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 174, 106-112.
Cerqueira-Santos, E., Koller, S., & Wilcox, B. (2008). Condom use, contraceptive methods, and religiosity among youths of low socioeconomic level. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 94–102.
Chun, J. S., Shin, Y., Choi, J. N., & Kim, M. S. (2013). How does corporate ethics contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of collective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Management, 39(4), 853-877.
Cohen, A. B., Pierce, J. D., Chambers, J., Meade, R., Gorvine, B. J., & Koenig, H. G. (2005). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity, belief in the afterlife, death anxiety, and life satisfaction in young Catholics and Protestants. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(3), 307–324.
Cotton, S., Grossoehme, D., Rosenthal, S. L., McGrady, M. E., Roberts, Y. H., Hines, J., et al. (2009a). Religious/Spiritual coping in adolescents with sickle cell disease: A pilot study. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/oncology, 31(5), 313–318.
Cotton, S., Kudel, I., Roberts, Y. H., Pallerla, H., Tsevat, J., Succop, P., et al. (2009b). Spiritual well-being and mental health outcomes in adolescents with or without Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(5), 485–492.
Cotton, S., Larkin, E., Hoopes, A., Cromer, B. A., & Rosenthal, S. L. (2005). The impact of adolescent spirituality on depressive symptoms and health risk behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36(6), 529.e7–529.e14.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16 (3), 297-334.
Davis, T., Kerr, B., & Robinson-Kurpus, S. (2003). Meaning, purpose, and religiosity in at-risk youth: The relationship between anxiety and spirituality. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 31(4), 356–365.
Desrosiers, A., & Miller, L. (2007). Relational spirituality and depression in adolescent girls. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(10), 1021–1037.
Dilmaghani, M. (2011). Religiosity, human capital return and earnings in Canada. International Journal of Social Economics, 39(1/2), 55-80.
Doss, J., Vesely, S., Oman, R., Aspy, C., Tolma, E., Rodine, S., et al. (2007). A matched case-control study: Investigating the relationship between youth assets and sexual intercourse among 13- to 14-year-olds. Child: Care, Health and Development, 33(1), 40–44.
Dunn, M. (2005). The relationship between religiosity, employment, and political beliefs on substance use among high school seniors. Religiosity, Employment, and Political Beliefs, 49(1), 73–88.
Durkheim, E. (1912), The elementary forms of religious life (translated by C. Cosman). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ens, C., & Bond, J. (2007). Death anxiety in adolescents: The contributions of bereavement and religiosity. Omega, 55(3), 169–184.
Faro Albuquerque, I., Campos Cunha, R., Dias Martins, L., & Brito Sá, A. (2014). Primary health care services: Workplace spirituality and organizational performance. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27(1), 59-82.
Farrag, D. A., & Hassan, M. (2015). The influence of religiosity on egyptian muslim youths’ attitude towards fashion. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 6(1), 95-108.
Fichter, J. H. (1969). Sociological measurement of religiosity. Review of Religious Research, 10(3), 169-177.
Foster, D. W., Quist, M. C., Young, C. M., Bryan, J. L., Nguyen, M. L., & Neighbors, C. (2013). Benefit finding as a moderator of the relationship between spirituality/religiosity and drinking. Addictive behaviors, 38(11), 2647-2652.
Foster, D. W., Young, C. M., Bryan, J. L., & Quist, M. C. (2016). Compounding risk: An examination of associations between spirituality/religiosity, drinking motives, and alcohol-related ambivalence among heavy drinking young adults. Addictive behaviors, 63, 1-11.
French, D., Eisenberg, N., Vaughan, J., Purwono, U., & Suryanti, T. (2008). Religious involvement and the social competence and adjustment of Indonesian Muslim adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 44(2), 597–611.
Galbraith, C. S., & Galbraith, D. M. (2007). An empirical note on entrepreneurial activity, intrinsic religiosity and economic growth. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 1(2), 188-201.
Gani. O, A. M., Hashim, J., & Ismail, Y. (2013). Establishing linkages between religiosity and spirituality on employee performance. Employee relations, 35(4), 360-376.
Goggin, K., Murray, T., Malcarne, V., Brown, S., & Wallston, K. (2007). Do religious and control cognitions predict risky behavior? Development and validation of the Alcohol-related God Locus of Control Scale for Adolescents (AGLOC-A). Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31(1), 111–122.
Good, M., & Willoughby, T. (2006). The role of spirituality versus religiosity in adolescent psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(1), 41–55.
Graafland, J. (2017). Religiosity, attitude, and the demand for socially responsible products. Journal of Business Ethics, 144(1), 121-138.
Greening, L., & Stoppelbein, L. (2002). Religiosity, attributional style, and social support as psychosocial buffers for African American and white adolescents’ perceived risk for suicide. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 32(4), 404–417.
Grunbaum, J., Tortolero, S., Weller, N., & Gingiss, P. (2000). Cultural, social, and intrapersonal factors associated with substance use among alternative high school students. Addictive Behaviors, 25(1), 145–151.
Gursoy, D., Altinay, L., & Kenebayeva, A. (2017). Religiosity and entrepreneurship behaviours. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 67, 87-94.
Hage, J., & Posner, B. Z. (2015). Religion, religiosity, and leadership practices: an examination in the lebanese workplace. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36(4), 396-412.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Hardy, S., & Carlo, G. (2005). Religiosity and prosocial behaviours in adolescence: The mediating role of prosocial values. Journal of Moral Education, 34(2), 231–249.
Hardy, S., & Raffaelli, M. (2003). Adolescent religiosity and sexuality: An investigation of reciprocal influences. Journal of Adolescence, 26(6), 731–739.
Hatch, R.L., Burg, M.A., Naberhaus, D.S. and Hellmich, L.K. (1998), “The spiritual involvements and belief scale: developing and testing of a new instrument.” Journal of Family Practice, 46(6), 476-484.
Hawke, J., Hennen, J., & Gallione, P. (2005). Correlates of therapeutic involvement among adolescents in residential drug treatment. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 31(1), 163–177.
Hendricks-Ferguson, V. (2006). Relationships of age and gender to hope and spiritual well-being among adolescents with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 23(4), 189–199.
Herman-Stahl, M. A., Krebs, C. P., Kroutil, L. A., & Heller, D. C. (2006). Risk and protective factors for nonmedical use of prescription stimulants and methamphetamine among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(3), 374–380.
Hodge, D. R., Cardenas, P.,&Montoya, H. (2001). Perceptions of mission-critical organizational resources: A survey of substance prevention and treatment agencies in the Southwest. Social Work, 46(4), 341–349.
Holdcroft, B.B. (2006). What is religiosity?. Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry & Practice, 10(1), 89-103
Holder, D., DuRant, R. H., Harris, T. L., Daniel, J. H., Obeidallah, D., & Goodman, E. (2000). The association between adolescent spirituality and voluntary sexual activity. Journal of Adolescent Health, 26(4), 295–302.
Hubbard-McCree, D., Wingood, G. M., DiClemente, R., Davies, S., & Harrington, K. F. (2003). Religiosity and risky sexual behavior in African-American adolescent females. Journal of Adolescent Health, 33, 2–8.
Jones, K., & Benda, B. A. (2004). Alcohol use among adolescents with non-residential fathers. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 22(1), 3–25.
Jones, R., Darroch, J. E., & Singh, S. (2005). Religious differentials in the sexual and reproductive behaviorsof young women in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36(4), 279–288.
Karimi, J. M. N. (2014). Relationship between intellectual capital accounting and business performance in the pharmaceutical firms in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation). University of Agriculture and Technology.
Kelley, B., & Miller, L. (2007). Life satisfaction and spirituality in adolescents. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 18, 233–260.
Khraim, H. (2010). Measuring religiosity in consumer research from an Islamic perspective. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 26(1), 52-78.
Kim, N. Y., Huh, H. J., & Chae, J. H. (2015). Effects of religiosity and spirituality on the treatment response in patients with depressive disorders. Comprehensive psychiatry, 60, 26-34.
King, J. E., & Crowther, M. R. (2004). The measurement of religiosity and spirituality: Examples and issues from psychology. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(1), 83-101.
Kliewer, W., & Murrelle, L. (2007). Risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use: Findings from a study in selected Central American countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(5), 448–455.
Knight, J., Sherritt, L., Harris, S. K., Holder, D. W., Kulig, J., Shrier, L. A., et al. (2007). Alcohol use and religiousness/spirituality among adolescents. Southern Medical Journal, 100(4), 349–355.
Koenig, H. G., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2008). Stability and change in religiousness during emerging adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 44(2), 532–543.
Koenig, H.G., McCullough, M. and Larson, D.B. (2000), Handbook of Religion and Health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Koffi, A., & Kawahara, K. (2008). Sexual abstinence behavior among never-married youths in a generalized HIV epidemic country: Evidence from the 2005 Cote d’Ivoire AIDS indicator survey. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 408.
Kogan, S. M., Luo, Z., Murry, V. M., & Brody, G. H. (2005). Risk and protective factors for substance use among African American high school dropouts. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19(4), 382–391.
Korac-Kakabadse, N., Kouzmin, A., & Kakabadse, A. (2002). Spirituality and leadership praxis. Journal of managerial psychology, 17(3), 165-182.
Laflin, M., Wang, J., & Barry, M. (2008). A longitudinal study of adolescent transition from virgin to nonvirgin status. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(3), 228–236.
Lammers, C., Ireland, M., Resnick, M., & Blum, R. (2000). Influences on adolescents’ decision to postpone onset of sexual intercourse: A survival analysis of virginity among youths aged 13 to 18 years. Journal of Adolescent Health, 26(1), 42–48.
Lazarus, J., Moghaddassi, M., Godeau, E., Ross, J., Vignes, C., Ostergren, P. O., et al. (2009). A multilevel analysis of condom use among adolescents in the European Union. Public Health, 123(2), 138–144.
Lee, S. A., Ko, M. A., Choi, E. J., Jeon, J. Y., & Ryu, H. U. (2017). High spirituality may be associated with right hemispheric lateralization in Korean adults living with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 76, 51-55.
Lee, S. M., Puig, A., & Ann, C. M. (2007). The role of religiosity on postsecondary degree attainment. Counseling & Values, 52, 25-39.
Lewis, L. J., Mellins, C. A., & Brackis-Cott, E. (2006). Developmental, ethnic, and social influences on participation in sexual possibility situations for youth with HIV-positive and HIV-negative mothers. Journal of Early Adolescence, 26(2), 160–185.
Madni, A. R., Hamid, N. A., & Rashid, S. M. (2016). An Association between Religiosity and Consumer Behavior: A Conceptual Piece. The Journal of Commerce, 8(3), 58.
Manglos-Weber, N. D., Mooney, M. A., Bollen, K. A., & Roos, J. M. (2016). Relationships with God among Young Adults: Validating a Measurement Model with Four Dimensions. Sociology of Religion, 77(2), 193-213.
Marlow, L. A. V., Waller, J., Evans, R. E. C., & Wardle, J. (2009). Predictors of interest in HPV vaccination: A study of British adolescents. Vaccine, 27(18), 2483–2488.
Mason, W., & Windle, M. (2002). A longitudinal study of the effects of religiosity of the effects of religiosity on adolescent alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Journal of Adolescent Research, 17(4), 346–363.
McCuller, W. J., Sussman, S., Dent, C. W., & Teran, L. (2001). Concurrent prediction of drug use among high-risk youth. Addictive Behaviors, 26(1), 137–142.
Menning, C., Holtzman, M., & Kapinus, C. (2007). Stepfather involvement and adolescents’ disposition toward having sex. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 39(2), 82–89.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89.
Meyer, J.P. & Allen, N.J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace, theory, research and application. California: Sage.
Mihaljevic, S., Aukst-Margetic, B., Karnicnik, S., & Vuksan-Cusa, B. (2015). Spirituality/religiosity, Personality and Recovery Rate from Depression-Follow up Study. European Psychiatry, 30, 372.
Milam, J., Ritt-Olson, A., Tan, S., Unger, J., & Nezami, E. (2005). The September 11th 2001 terrorist attacks and reports of posttraumatic growth among a multi-ethnic sample of adolescents. Traumatology, 11(4), 233–246.
Milevsky, A., & Levitt, M. J. (2004). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity in preadolescence and adolescence: Effect on psychological adjustment. Mental Health, Religion, and Culture, 7, 307–321.
Miller, L., & Gur, M. (2002). Religiousness and sexual responsibility in adolescent girls. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(5), 401–406.
Miller, L., Davies, M., & Greenwald, S. (2000). Religiosity and substance use and abuse among adolescents in the National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(9), 1190–1197.
Mokhlis, S. (2009). Relevancy and measurement of religiosity in consumer behavior research. International Business Research, 2(3), 75.
Molock, S. D., Puri, R., Matlin, S., & Barksdale, C. (2006). Relationship between religious coping and suicidal behaviors among African American adolescents. Journal of Black Psychology, 32(3), 366–389.
Nasim, A., Belgrave, F. Z., Jagers, R. J., Wilson, K. D., & Owens, K. (2007). The moderating effects of culture on peer deviance and alcohol use among high-risk African-American adolescents. Journal of Drug Education, 37(3), 335–363.
Nonnemaker, J., McNeely, C. A., & Blum, R. W. (2006). Public and private domains of religiosity and adolescent smoking transitions. Social Science and Medicine, 62(12), 3084–3095.
Nower, L., Derevensky, J. L., & Gupta, R. (2004). The relationships of impulsivity, sensation seeking, coping, and substance use in youth gamblers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(1), 49–55.
O’Malley, P., & Johnston, L. D. (2007). Drugs and driving by American high school seniors, 2001–2006. Journal for the Study of Alcohol and Drugs, 68, 834–842.
Parsian, N., & AM, T. D. (2009). Developing and validating a questionnaire to measure spirituality: A psychometric process. Global journal of Health Science, 1(1), 2.
Pearce, M. J., Little, T. D., & Perez, J. E. (2003). Religiousness and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 32(2), 267–276.
Piko, B., & Fitzpatrick, K. M. (2004). Substance use, religiosity, and other protective factors among Hungarian adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 29(6), 1095–1107.
Pirkle, E., & Richter, L. (2006). Personality, attitudinal, and behavioral risk profiles of young female binge drinkers and smokers. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(1), 44–54.
Purnamasari, P., & Amaliah, I. (2015). Fraud Prevention: Relevance to Religiosity and Spirituality in the Workplace. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, 827-835.
Rink, E., Tricker, R., & Harvey, S. M. (2007). Onset of sexual intercourse among female adolescents: The influence of perceptions, depression, and ecological factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(4), 398–406.
Rippentrop, E., Altmaier, E. M., Chen, J. J., Found, E. M., & Keffala, V. J. (2005). The relationship between religion/spirituality and physical health, mental health, and pain in a chronic pain population. Pain, 116(3), 311–321.
Ritt-Olson, A., Milam, J., Unger, J. B., Trinidad, D., Teran, L., Dent, C. W., et al. (2004). The protective influence of spirituality and ‘‘Health-as-a-Value’’ against monthly substance use among adolescents varying in risk. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34(3), 192–199.
Rostosky, S. S., Danner, F., & Riggle, E. D. B. (2007). Is religiosity a protective factor against substance use in young adulthood? Only If You’re Straight!. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(5), 440–447.
Rostosky, S. S., Regnerus, M. D., & Wright, M. L. C. (2003). Coital debut: The role of religiosity and sex attitudes in the Add Health Survey. The Journal of Sex Research, 40(4), 358–367.
Rubin, D., Dodd, M., Desai, N., Pollock, B., & Graham-Pole, J. (2009). Spirituality in well and ill adolescents and their parents: The use of two assessment scales. Pediatric Nursing, 35(1), 37–42.
Sarmiento, R., Beale, J., & Knowles, G. (2007). Determinants of performance amongst shop-floor employees: A preliminary investigation. Management Research News, 30(12), 915-927.
Schapman, A. M., & Inderbitzen-Nolan, H. M. (2002). The role of religious behaviour in adolescent depressive and anxious symptomatology. Journal of Adolescence, 25(6), 631–643.
Schiff, M. (2006). Living in the shadow of terrorism: Psychological distress and alcohol use among religious and non-religious adolescents in Jerusalem. Social Science and Medicine, 62(9), 2301–2312.
Schofield, M. B., Baker, I. S., Staples, P., & Sheffield, D. (2016). Mental representations of the supernatural: A cluster analysis of religiosity, spirituality and paranormal belief. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 419-424.
Scott, L. D., Munson, M. R., McMillen, J. C., & Ollie, M. T. (2006). Religious involvement and its association to risk behaviors among older youth in foster care. American Journal of Community Psychology, 38(3–4), 223–236.
Sharabati, A. A. A., Naji Jawad, S., & Bontis, N. (2010). Intellectual capital and business performance in the pharmaceutical sector of Jordan. Management decision, 48(1), 105-131.
Shaw, J. D., Delery, J. E., & Abdulla, M. H. (2003). Organizational commitment and performance among guest workers and citizens of an Arab country. Journal of Business Research, 56(12), 1021-1030.
Sinha, J. W., Cnaan, R. A., & Gelles, R. J. (2007). Adolescent risk behaviors and religion: Findings from a national study. Journal of Adolescence, 30(2), 231–249.
Spann, M., Molock, S. D., Barksdale, C., Matlin, S., & Puri, R. (2006). Suicide and African American teenagers: Risk factors and coping mechanisms. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 36(5), 553–568.
Steinman, K., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2004). Religious activity and risk behavior among African American adolescents: Concurrent and developmental effects. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33(3), 151–160.
Stewart, C., & Bolland, J. (2002). Parental style as a possible mediator of the relationship between religiosity and substance use in African-American adolescents. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 1(4), 63.
Sukhwal, M., & Suman, L. N. (2013). Spirituality, religiosity and alcohol related beliefs among college students. Asian journal of psychiatry, 6(1), 66-70.
Suliman, A., & Iles, P. (2000). Is continuance commitment beneficial to organizations? Commitment-performance relationship: A new look. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15(5), 407-422.
Szewczyk, L. S., & Weinmuller, E. B. (2006). Religious aspects of coping with stress among adolescents from families with alcohol problems. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 9(4), 389–400.
Thomsen, S. R., Rekve, D., & Lindsay, G. B. (2004). Using ‘‘Bud World Party’’ attendance to predict adolescent alcohol use and beliefs about drinking. Journal of Drug Education, 34(2), 179–195.
Tucker-Halpern, C., Young, M. L., Waller, M. W., Martin, S. L., & Kupper, L. L. (2004). Prevalence of partner violence in same-sex romantic and sexual relationships in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35(2), 124–131.
Tully, J., Viner, R., Coen, P., Stuart, J., Zambon, M., Peckham, C., et al. (2006). Risk and protective factors for meningococcal disease in adolescents: Matched cohort study. British Medical Journal, 332(7539), 445–450.
Usman, H. (2015). Islamic Religiosity Scale, and Its Applied on the Relationship Between Religiosity and Selection of Islamic Bank. East Asian Journal of Business Economics, 3, 1-13.
Valasek Jr, A. J. (2009). Examining the relationships of spirituality and religiosity to individual productivity in the United States. (Doctoral Dissertation). Northcentral University.
Van Den Bree, M. B. M., Whitmer, M. D., & Pickworth, W. B. (2004). Predictors of smoking development in a population-based sample of adolescents: A prospective study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35(3), 172–181.
Venning, A. J., Eliott, J., Whitford, H., & Honnor, J. (2007). The impact of a child’s chronic illness on hopeful thinking in children and patients. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 26(6), 708–727.
Vesely, S. K., Wyatt, V. H., Oman, R. F., Aspy, C. B., Kegler, M. C., Rodine, D. S., et al. (2004). The potential protective effects of youth assets from adolescent sexual risk behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34(5), 356–365.
Viner, R. M., Haines, M. M., Head, J. A., Bhui, K., Taylor, S., Stansfeld, S. A., et al. (2006). Variations in associations of health risk behaviors among ethnic minority early adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(1), 55.e15–55.e23.
Wahyuni, D. U., Christiananta, B., & Eliyana, A. (2014). Influence of Organizational Commitment, Transactional Leadership, and Servant Leadership to the Work Motivation, Work Satisfaction and Work Performance of Teachers at Private Senior High Schools in Surabaya. Educational Research International, 3(2), 82-96.
Walker, C., Ainette, M. G., Wills, T. A., & Mendoza, D. (2007). Religiosity and substance use: Test of an indirect-effect model in early and middle adolescence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(1), 84–96.
Wallace, J., Brown, T. N., Bachman, J. G., & Laveist, T. A. (2003). The influence of race and religion on abstinence from alcohol, cigarettes and marijuana among adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64(6), 843–848.
Wilkes, R. E., Burnett, J. J., & Howell, R. D. (1986). On the meaning and measurement of religiosity in consumer research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 14(1), 47-56.
Wills, T. A., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Murry, V. M., & Brody, G. H. (2003a). Family communication and religiosity related to substance use and sexual behavior in early adolescence: A test for pathways through self-control and prototype perceptions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17(4), 312–323.
Wills, T. A., Yaeger, A. M., & Sandy, J. M. (2003b). Buffering effect of religiosity for adolescent substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17(1), 24–31.
Yang, C., Ford, M. E., Tilley, B. C., & Greene, R. L. (2016). Religiosity in black and white older Americans: Measure adaptation, psychometric validation, and racial difference. Medicine, 95(37).
Yi, M. S., Britto, M. T., Sherman, S. N., Moyer, M. S., Cotton, S., Kotagal, U. R., et al. (2009). Health values in adolescents with or without inflammatory bowel disease. The Journal of Pediatrics, 154(4), 527–534.
Zaleski, E. H., & Schiaffino, K. M. (2000). Religiosity and sexual risk-taking behavior during the transition to college. Journal of Adolescence, 23(2), 223–227.
Zebrack, B. J., & Chesler, M. A. (2002). Quality of life in childhood cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology, 11(2), 132–141.
Zimmer, Z., Jagger, C., Chiu, C. T., Ofstedal, M. B., Rojo, F., & Saito, Y. (2016). Spirituality, religiosity, aging and health in global perspective: A review. SSM-Population Health, 2, 373-381.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of this article will be vested to author(s) and granted the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, unless otherwise stated.
